PSYC 312 · Week 1 · Brain Basics

Brain City Begins

Build the nervous system from the cell → neuron → message pathway, one small step at a time.

Week 1 · Foundation

🧠 Big Picture

Your Week 1 foundation is: cells build neurons → neuron parts have different jobs → sensory information comes in → the nervous system processes it → motor output goes out.

How the course builds: Week 1 gives you the physical map. Week 3 zooms into the electrical message traveling down the axon. Week 4 begins when that message reaches the presynaptic terminal and communicates with the next cell.

📘 Lesson · Build It One Step at a Time

Open one step, say it back, then close it before moving forward. Orange = course terms. Yellow = remember. Blue = connection.

1 · Start with the cell

A neuron is a cell, so first know the pieces that keep a cell working.

Membrane controls movement in/out. Nucleus contains chromosomes. Mitochondrion provides energy. Ribosomes make proteins. Endoplasmic reticulum transports newly synthesized proteins.

Membrane = border · Nucleus = chromosomes · Mitochondria = energy · Ribosomes = proteins · ER = transport.

Professor slides · Structure of a cell
2 · Build the neuron map

Dendrites receive. Soma = cell body. Axon carries the message away. Myelin insulates. Presynaptic terminals are the sending end.

Dendrites receive → Soma home base → Axon sends → Terminals hand off.

Week 3: action potential travels down this axon. Week 4: it arrives at the presynaptic terminal.

Professor slides · Structure of a Neuron · Brain City study framework
3 · Three neuron jobs

Sensory neurons respond to sensation. Motor neurons conduct impulses from spinal cord to muscles/glands. Interneurons connect neurons within the nervous system.

Sensory brings information in · interneuron connects · motor sends response out.

Professor slides · Sensory Neuron / Motor Neuron / Interneuron
4 · Hot stove: make the pathway move

The detailed CNS/PNS and afferent/efferent play-by-play loads here.

5 · Meet the helper crew: glia

Astrocytes + microglia = housekeeping/support. Oligodendrocytes = CNS myelin. Schwann cells = PNS myelin. Radial glia = developmental guidance.

Ollie = oligodendrocyte/CNS · Swan = Schwann/PNS.

Professor slides · Glial Functions Review
6 · Blood-brain barrier = gatekeeper

The blood-brain barrier controls what reaches brain tissue from blood.

Small uncharged or lipid-soluble = easier passive crossing; other substances need transport help.

Professor slides · Blood Brain-Barrier
7 · Cajal: contiguous, not continuous

The full definition of contiguous loads here.

8 · Tinbergen’s four kinds of explanation

The four explanations and your professor’s sneeze example load here.

🖼️ Interactive Identification Part 1

Use your uploaded numbered images. Tap a number, then identify the structure.

Cell structures

Neuron structures

⚙️ What Does It Do? Part 2

Same images, now identify what each labeled structure does.

Cell structure functions

Neuron structure functions

🗂️ Flashcards

Key Terms

Definitions and course vocabulary you need to recognize and explain.

Overall Course Material

Big-picture flashcards for the full Week 1 story and connections.

🧑🏾‍🏫 Professor Quiz · Actual Questions

Actual professor questions only. The same uploaded 12:47:46 coronal-brain image stays above the one-card question cycle.

Lettered items only use answers supported by the supplied quiz/answer images.

📚 Course Material Anchors

Professor slides: Cajal, neuron doctrine, dynamic polarization, cell structures, neuron structures/types, glia, blood-brain barrier.

Lecture transcript: Tinbergen’s four explanations and physiological message pathways.

Professor quiz + 58/59 + answer screenshot: white/gray matter, gyri/sulci, dura mater, ventricles, directions, planes, and supported coronal-brain labels.

✅ What Week 1 Is Really About

Week 1 gives you the map and language for the rest of Biological Psychology. You should understand that the nervous system is made of separate, contiguous neurons; know the major parts of a cell and neuron and what they do; distinguish sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons; follow a message from a sensory receptor through the nervous system to a muscle response; know the major glial cells and the blood-brain barrier; and recognize that behavior can be explained at different levels using Tinbergen’s physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, and functional explanations. Everything later builds on this foundation: Week 3 explains the electrical signal traveling along the neuron, and Week 4 explains how one neuron passes the message to the next.