Your colors
Yellow main idea · Orange term/definition · Pink example/application · Blue connection to something you already learned.
Rule: highlight the smallest useful phrase or sentence, not whole paragraphs.
p. 91 · Research Methods + Effects of Brain Damage
Yellow The four broad ways the text says researchers study brain–behavior relationships: effects of brain damage; stimulating brain areas; recording activity during behavior; correlating brain anatomy with behavior.
Orange Lesion; stereotaxic instrument.
Pink Broca’s patient as the historical brain-damage example.
Blue Connect stereotaxic targeting to the brain structures you mapped in Week 5.
p. 92 · Lesions, sham controls, TMS, stimulation
Yellow A lesion study needs comparison/control procedures so behavior changes are not automatically blamed on the intended lesion.
Orange Sham lesion; transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
Pink Temporary disruption of a small cortical area; stimulation studies of motor cortex.
Blue Manipulating a brain area can provide different evidence than simply observing activity.
p. 93 · Optogenetics + Recording Brain Activity
Yellow Optogenetics controls targeted neurons with light; brain recordings examine activity during behavior.
Orange Optogenetics; single-cell/single-unit recording; EEG; evoked/event-related responses.
Pink Electrode recording while a person/animal performs a task.
Blue Single-unit recording connects directly to the action potentials you learned in Week 3.
p. 94 · MEG + PET
Yellow Different recording/imaging methods trade off what they measure and how precisely they localize activity.
Orange Magnetoencephalography (MEG); positron-emission tomography (PET).
Pink PET uses a radioactive tracer and detects emissions to reconstruct where activity-related blood flow occurred.
Blue Connect “where” to spatial resolution.
p. 95 · fMRI + subtraction / comparison logic
Yellow fMRI relates local blood oxygenation to brain activity; researchers compare conditions to isolate task-related activity.
Orange Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Pink Experimental task versus comparison task and the difference image.
Blue This is the same scientific-method logic from the slides: comparison helps test a specific prediction.
p. 96 · Limits of imaging + Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior
Yellow Brain activity during a task does not automatically mean that activity is necessary for the task; imaging has interpretation limits.
Orange Phrenology (historical context); correlating brain anatomy with behavior.
Pink The text’s cautions about interpreting fMRI activity and individual differences.
Blue Correlation ≠ causation.
p. 97 · Brain anatomy measures + CT
Yellow Researchers can correlate anatomical differences with behavior, but interpretation requires care.
Orange Computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT).
Pink CT scanner and cross-sectional brain image.
Blue CT answers a structure question, not an electrical-timing question.
p. 98 · MRI + methods table
Yellow MRI provides anatomical images using magnetic properties; Table 3.1 compares the major methods for studying brain–behavior relationships.
Orange Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Pink Use Table 3.1 as a retrieval chart: method → what it measures → typical use.
Blue Compare CT/MRI structure with EEG/ERP electrical activity and PET/fMRI functional activity.
p. 99 · In Closing + Summary + Key Terms
Yellow All four numbered summary points. They are the module’s exam-sized takeaways.
Orange Review every Key Term listed on the page; these are represented in the Week 6 key-term deck.
Pink Thought Question: how specialized brain features encouraged scientific and intellectual activity.
Blue Use the summary to rebuild the whole Chapter 3 map: anatomy (3.1–3.2) → methods for studying it (3.3).
p. 100 · End-of-Module Quiz
Yellow Do not highlight answers first. Use the questions as retrieval practice after studying.
Orange Circle/mark unfamiliar method names in the questions for return study.
Pink Questions compare lesion methods, optogenetics, EEG/MEG, PET, MRI/fMRI, and limits of published studies.
Blue For every missed question, write: method → what it measures → why the correct answer fits.